You can get the status of a single stack with “describe-stacks”, filtered to one stack by name:
aws cloudformation describe-stacks --stack-name my-stack | jq -rc .Stacks[0].StackStatus
However, this will not show you if the stack is deleted – in that case you get an error:
An error occurred (ValidationError) when calling the DescribeStacks operation: Stack with id my-stack does not exist